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References to "/D/est-unb" were replaced by references to "/D/est-bias".
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P/mle-bias.md

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---
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**Theorem:** [Maximum likelihood estimation](/D/mle) can result in [biased estimates](/D/est-unb) of model parameters, i.e. estimates whose long-term expected value is unequal to the quantities they estimate:
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**Theorem:** [Maximum likelihood estimation](/D/mle) can result in [biased estimates](/D/est-bias) of model parameters, i.e. estimates whose long-term expected value is unequal to the quantities they estimate:
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$$ \label{eq:aicc-aic}
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\mathrm{E}\left[ \hat{\theta}_\mathrm{MLE} \right] = \mathrm{E}\left[ \operatorname*{arg\,max}_\theta \mathrm{LL}_m(\theta) \right] \neq \theta \; .

P/resvar-bias.md

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@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $$ \label{eq:mean-mle}
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\bar{y} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_i
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$$
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2) and $\hat{\sigma}^2$ is a [biased estimator](/D/est-unb) of $\sigma^2$
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2) and $\hat{\sigma}^2$ is a [biased estimator](/D/est-bias) of $\sigma^2$
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-var}
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\mathrm{E}\left[ \hat{\sigma}^2 \right] \neq \sigma^2 \; ,
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\end{split}
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$$
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which proves the [bias](/D/est-unb) given by \eqref{eq:resvar-bias}.
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which proves the [bias](/D/est-bias) given by \eqref{eq:resvar-bias}.

P/resvar-biasp.md

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@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ $$ \label{eq:beta-mle}
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\hat{\beta} = (X^\mathrm{T} V^{-1} X)^{-1} X^\mathrm{T} V^{-1} y
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$$
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2) and $\hat{\sigma}^2$ is a [biased estimator](/D/est-unb) of $\sigma^2$
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2) and $\hat{\sigma}^2$ is a [biased estimator](/D/est-bias) of $\sigma^2$
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-var}
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\mathrm{E}\left[ \hat{\sigma}^2 \right] \neq \sigma^2 \; ,

P/resvar-unb.md

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y_i \overset{\text{i.i.d.}}{\sim} \mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma^2), \quad i = 1,\ldots,n \; .
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$$
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An [unbiased estimator](/D/est-unb) of $\sigma^2$ is given by
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An [unbiased estimator](/D/est-bias) of $\sigma^2$ is given by
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-unb}
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\hat{\sigma}^2_{\mathrm{unb}} = \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( y_i - \bar{y} \right)^2 \; .
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\hat{\sigma}^2_{\mathrm{MLE}} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( y_i - \bar{y} \right)^2
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$$
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is a [biased estimator](/D/est-unb) in the sense that
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is a [biased estimator](/D/est-bias) in the sense that
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-bias}
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\mathbb{E}\left[ \hat{\sigma}^2_{\mathrm{MLE}} \right] = \frac{n-1}{n} \sigma^2 \; .
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\end{split}
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$$
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such that an [unbiased estimator](/D/est-unb) can be constructed as
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such that an [unbiased estimator](/D/est-bias) can be constructed as
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-unb-qed}
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\begin{split}

P/resvar-unbp.md

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y = X\beta + \varepsilon, \; \varepsilon \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^2 V) \; .
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$$
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An [unbiased estimator](/D/est-unb) of $\sigma^2$ is given by
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An [unbiased estimator](/D/est-bias) of $\sigma^2$ is given by
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$$ \label{eq:sigma-unb}
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\hat{\sigma}^2 = \frac{1}{n-p} (y-X\hat{\beta})^\mathrm{T} V^{-1} (y-X\hat{\beta})
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\hat{\sigma}^2_{\mathrm{MLE}} = \frac{1}{n} (y-X\hat{\beta})^\mathrm{T} V^{-1} (y-X\hat{\beta})
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$$
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is a [biased estimator](/D/est-unb) in the sense that
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is a [biased estimator](/D/est-bias) in the sense that
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-bias}
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\mathbb{E}\left[ \hat{\sigma}^2_{\mathrm{MLE}} \right] = \frac{n-p}{n} \sigma^2 \; .
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\end{split}
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$$
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such that an [unbiased estimator](/D/est-unb) can be constructed as
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such that an [unbiased estimator](/D/est-bias) can be constructed as
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$$ \label{eq:resvar-unb-qed}
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\begin{split}

P/slr-olsmean.md

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\end{split}
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$$
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which means that the [ordinary least squares solution](/P/slr-ols) produces [unbiased estimators](/D/est-unb).
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which means that the [ordinary least squares solution](/P/slr-ols) produces [unbiased estimators](/D/est-bias).
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**Proof:** According to the simple linear regression model in \eqref{eq:slr}, the expectation of a single data point is

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